Art and Human Nature Essay Example

Art and Human Nature Essay Example Art and Human Nature Essay Art and Human Nature Essay When discoursing art it has continuously been examined how much it is applied to human nature. In The Art Instinct by Denis Dutton he spend an full chapter discoursing the colours between the two. Art can be seen in human nature through its history. it’s comparing to linguistic communication. and its creative activity from worlds through genetic sciences and their inclinations. Language has ever been considered a portion of human nature. All civilization through all ages has some mode of linguistic communication. Though it changes throughout the universe with over six thousand known types. the cosmopolitan ability to pass on is unquestionable Despite vocabulary and surface grammar differences †¦ linguistic communications are neer reciprocally incommensurable †¦ This is possible because linguistic communication construction is shared across civilizations and because linguistic communications are ties to cosmopolitan prelinguistic involvements. desires. demands. and capacities ( 30 ) . Language is cross-cultural and though the idiosyncrasy and address are different they are all built-in in their ability. At the same clip one can non reason that each linguistic communication and gesture changed throughout the different civilization. This is how linguistic communication can be considered so cosmopolitan in human nature. Art can be said to hold the same catholicity of linguistic communication. Like linguistic communication it has transcended through all civilizations and history. Different civilizations all express them in a different manner. and though everyone doesn’t needfully understand all others civilizations art. it is still a human universals. Besides similar linguistic communication. art has the innate ability throughout all societies. Art in many manner is really comparable to the human nature of linguistic communication The field of natural linguistic communications resembles the field of art considered cross-culturally: both exhibit an interplay between. on the one manus. deep. unconditioned constructions and mechanisms of rational and emotional like and. on the other manus. a huge ocean of historically contingent cultural materials ( 31 ) . With these many colours art appears basically connected to human nature. This thought that art has colour with human nature has been around throughout history. Plato though jilted art as a signifier of cognition. he still admitted it connexion with nature. He saw art as an imitation of nature. which was already the imitation of the Forms. which make up our true world. This he felt was disenchantment. which brought out the worst imposts of human nature. Either it represented a deceptive position of our universe in the sense of the beauty ever found in art. but non in true world. Or that it feeds our most basic inherent aptitudes From a Platonic point of position. much of the violent amusement offered by dramatic signifier – from the theatre of the Greeks to the force and carnal passions of today’s amusement media †¦ For Plato. the humanistic disciplines at their worst are bad for the psyche because they engage and reward its basest elements ( 32 ) . Though you sense that Plato fears the unsafe of the humanistic disciplines. this is merely because he admits the inherit nature of it. Aristotle nevertheless has quiet a different sentiment of art. He realized that with the assortment in art it provides awareness into the human status. In his plants on play and poesy he demonstrates that impact that art has had throughout the civilization and history of his ain society. Besides he argues for the natural inclination that world has to stand for themselves with art expresses the unconditioned nature of it Human existences are born image-makers and image-enjoyers ( 33 ) . Though the thought behind art and its connect between human nature is non ever the same. it has existed during the class of history. Like art. human nature itself has been questioned on wither it is genuinely natural or has evolved over clip and civilizations. With the development of adult male many of human inherent aptitudes has developed over clip. Natural choice over 1000s of coevalss have helped hones many accomplishments needed to last throughout mankind’s beings. These effects over many coevalss can be considered portion of what makes up human nature pressure over 1000s of coevalss can deeply scratch a physical and psychological traits into the heads of any species ( 42 ) . However it can besides be argued that much of natural inherent aptitudes come from our societal nature. There is ever the built-in hunter-gather sense that all worlds have. but on the other side are the societal inclinations we all have in common Human existences. for illustration. are funny about their neighbours. like to dish the dirt about them. feel for their bad lucks and envy their successes. Peoples everyplace tell prevarications. justify and apologize their ain behaviour. overstate their selflessness. Human existences like to expose and mock the false pretentions of others. They enjoy playing games. stating gags. and utilizing poetic linguistic communication ( 45-46 ) . This societal nature can be seen as innate within all civilizations. Both this and familial sensitivities of worlds is what human nature is derived from. This is where Dutton true statement comes full circle. Human nature no affair its beginnings is what makes up worlds and all that they create. With our natural inherent aptitudes we developed many inclinations. and theories. Our history as humanity we have gone through many things such as endurance. non merely those from the environment. but from the societal forces that surrounds us. All of this is what genuinely makes up human nature. and from all this is where we create art. This is what makes worlds what they are. and with that what they feel inspired to make no affair the civilization and its signifier of art. This is how he grounds that art is human nature finally produced the intensely societal. robust. love-making. homicidal †¦ knowledge- seeking. reasoning. clubby. language-using. conspicuously uneconomical. various species of archpriest we became. And along the manner in developing all this. the humanistic disciplines were born ( 46 ) . Since art is derived from all that is human nature how can itself non be human nature. Through its colours with linguistic communication. the history. and the effects that human genetic sciences and societal inclinations have had art can be considered to be a portion of human nature. Art like human nature has transcended throughout all of mankind’s being. Wither art will of all time be considered a portion of human nature. its impact on worlds non merely through history but civilization can non be denied. Dutton. Denis. The Art Instinct: Beauty. Pleasure. A ; Human Evolution. Array New York: Bloomsbury Press. 2009.

Root and Butt Rot Tree Disease Management

Root and Butt Rot Tree Disease Management Root and butt rot is one of the most common forms of tree disease affecting hardwoods. Many fungi are capable of causing root rots and some cause considerable decay of the butts of trees as well. Root rots are more common on older trees or trees which have sustained root or basal injury. Root rots thrive on poor soil conditions. Trees with extensive root rot are less able to tolerate extreme weather conditions like extended droughts, long periods of heavy rain, or unusually high temperatures. Recognition Trees with root and butt rots (the one of most concern is Armillaria root disease) typically have combinations of crown dieback, loss and/or discoloration of foliage, and a generally unhealthy appearance. Internally, diseased roots exhibit patterns of discoloration and decay. Diseased trees can live for years without symptoms but, more commonly, trees with extensive root rot decline and eventually die in several years. Conks (fruiting bodies) at or near the base of declining trees are indicators of root rot. Prevention You can only control root diseases in trees by prevention. Prevent root diseases by avoiding root damage and wounds to the lower trunks of trees. When planting trees in areas where trees have previously died of root disease, remove old stumps and roots to reduce local fungus spread. Consider soil sterilization with an appropriate pesticide such as methyl bromide or vapam according to local conditions and state and federal regulations. Contact you county extension agent for specific information. Control Effective treatments for curing established root diseases in trees are unknown. Sometimes careful crown reduction by pruning and fertilization can prolong the life of diseased trees by reducing the transpirational demand on ailing root systems and promoting overall tree vigor.

Gender Discrimination in Hotel Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Gender Discrimination in Hotel Industry - Essay Example A hotel provides a carefree atmosphere for its customers. It is a very sociable industry; its employees have a very high exposure to the customers. Looking at its contribution to the economy we can say that it is one of the most fast growing and biggest industries of the world.. Almost 10% of the gross national product is due to this hotel industry. In 2005, it gave revenue of almost 27 billion. After 2000 there was an increase of almost 4.5% in the hotel sector. In 2004, it gave almost 11.5 billion revenue. This huge increase shows that it is one of the fastest growing industries. In 2002, there were almost 280 000 employees in almost 40 000 establishments. London is the hub of hotel establishments in United Kingdom (Data Monitor, n.p, 2005; Hotel Research, n.p. 2006). In recent years we can notice that the hotel sector has been growing very fast. The main reasons for this are mergers and acquisitions. Sheraton Park Tower Hotel, Marriott London Park Lane, The London Hilton on Park Lane, Intercontinental etc are all five star hotels in the UK. Though we can see that there are many big names in this sector of the hospitality industry, but there is almost nothing being done in case of human resource management. Employment opportunities in the hospitality profession abound all over the world. In the majority of West European countries women predominate in the hotel staff but unfortunately, only a small number of women are in management positions. Though it might provide employment to many individuals but certainly does not provide equal opportunities to the women. A research was done by Purcell which revealed that women in the five star hotel sector of United Kingdom are horizontally segregated into particular jobs while being vertically segregated (Purcell, 18, 1996). Many researches have investigated the problem of equality rights and gender prejudices in the workplace. Many claim that because of the established dominance of males in the vast number of areas of public life, women are often placed in a disadvantaged position from the very beginning; Recruitment is considered to be one of the major issues in equal opportunities for women. However, statistical data shows a considerable increase in the percentage of women who are engaged in some kind of professional work. This increase has been in the lower level of the hierarchy, but as we go up we will notice lesser and lesser number of females. The Five star hotel sector of the hotel industry has conventional employment model. It has a linear path of progression (Boaxall & Purcell, 47-70, 2003). The top four positions in a five star hotel are General Manager (GM), Financial Director, Director of Sales and marketing (DSM) and Food and Beverages Manager (FBM). The general manager has the top most positions and other positions are mere steps of getting to the top. Other positions like house keeping and human resource are usually confined to women. These positions are less attractive to men as they usually have lesser pay. So, women are confined to these low paying jobs. It has also been investigated whether the level of education has any effect on this discrimination. It was found that female hospitality graduates were at least three

How Hollywood production has displayed women in the film Research Paper

How Hollywood production has displayed women in the film - Research Paper Example It means that women do not emphasiseas main character; however, women have played a great role in supporting the male persona.In the 1930s, the sound had been fed directly into the movie; the example film is Gold Diggers of 1933 by Busby Berkeley; female characters have acted a large arena of performance.Therefore, it will be investigated the representation of women in the 1930s and its importance. Women during the 1930’s were extremely elegant and classic in the way they portrayed their characters on the screen. Those were different times when women were treated with utter respect. In the movie Gold Digger, the women are showcased as equals to men. The role of women in those days was much more glorified and given preference than they are given in the current situation. The fashion style in the 1930’s was very classy and elegant. â€Å"In the 1930s the world was gripped by the Great Depression and very often, as depicted in Woody Allens Purple Rose of Cairo, the only source of escapism was going to the Movies. The stunning early 1930s fashion went hand in hand with the Glamour of Hollywood. Old reels like these look dated now, but they offered hope to millions of people.† America suffered from great depression during the 1930’s. It was going through a difficult phase and therefore it was important for the movie makers to think out of the box in order to minimize the effect of the great depression. The movies in the 1930’s took a different turn with the advent of comedies which focused on women specifically. Movies like Lady Eve, Nothing Sacred and His Girl Friday took the trend of women having the upper hand in the act to a new extent. These movies focused on how women characters were given screen space and shared equal rights with the male actors. The Women was released in 1939 and clearly signified the ever growing importance of women characters in Hollywood. It did not feature male protagonists and comprised of

A critical appraisal of the 2011 E.coli outbreak of food poisoning in Germany Essay Example for Free

A critical appraisal of the 2011 E.coli outbreak of food poisoning in Germany Essay A critical appraisal of the 2011 E.coli outbreak of food poisoning in Germany Introduction            E. coli is an abbreviation that stands for Escherichia coli which is a rod shaped, facultative, Gram negative bacterium. This bacterium is very common in the lower intestines of warm blooded animals. Although not all types E.coli bacterium are harmful, there are some stains that are known to cause serious food poisoning in human beings. The harmless E.coli strains are components of normal flora and produce vitamin k2. Moreover, they are important to humans because they inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines (Bill Clark 2012:74). The gut flora is made up of 0.1% of E.coli and other related bacteria and is mainly transmitted through fecal-oral means. Many of E.coli cells can only survive for a short time outside the body making them good indicator organisms for testing environmental samples of fecal infection. However, recent research has discovered some strains of the E.coli bacteria that can survive for long periods of time outside the body.            The first case of E.coli outbreak in Germany was reported between May and June in 2011 and was largely concentrated in the northern parts of the country. According to German health officials, the foodborne illness was caused by a new strain of the E.coli bacteria known as O104:H4. The disease was mainly characterized by a number of complications like hemolytic-uremic syndrome  (HUS) and bloody diarrhea (Lan Reeves 2002:84). The high number of deaths was mainly caused by hemolytic-uremic syndromes which require quick treatment. Initially, the outbreak was believed to have been caused by a strain of E.coli known as enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) but future research found that the outbreak was in fact caused by enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). Moreover, this strain of E.coli was found to have the ability to produce Shiga toxins. Initial epidemiological research had suggested that vegetables were the main source of infection. More specifically, the German agricultural mi nisters identified one organic farm in Bienenbà ¼ttel as the most likely source of the infection. As a means of controlling the outbreak, the German government ordered for its immediate closure. Despite the fact that laboratories in Bienenbà ¼ttel did not detect the E.coli bacteria in produce, one laboratory in North Rhine-Westphalia later established that the outbreak strain was in fact present in packaged sprouts from the suspected farm. On June 30th 2011, fenugreek seed imported from Egypt were announced as the most likely source of the outbreak by the German  Bundesinstitut fà ¼r Risikobewertung (BfR)  (Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Todar 2012: 29). The German E.coli outbreak affected 3,950 people in total and caused 51 deaths in the country alone. Other countries that were affected by the outbreak include the United States, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Denmark, Poland and Canada (Bill Clark 2012: 93). At the beginning of the E.coli outbreak , the German authorities claimed that the bacterium was most likely to have originated from Spain. Without carrying out any tests, the German health officials claimed that the O104 E.coli strain was most likely to have originated from cucumbers imported from Spain. However, future tests revealed that Spanish greenhouses were not the source of the E.coli strain responsible for the outbreak. This claim by the German officials provoked protests by the Spanish government because it made the country lose about 200 million USD per week in agricultural exports.            The 2011 E.coli outbreak in Germany was the worst ever recorded case of shiga toxin producing Escherichia Coli outbreak in the world. The outbreak started on May 8th and was declared over by the German health officials on July 4th the same year. The outbreak could have been more serious if the government did not alert the public to avoid consuming foods from areas suspected to be the likely source of the bacteria. In 2011, Germany encountered the biggest episode of Stec cases ever recorded: what added up to 3,842 cases were accounted for, incorporating 2,987 instances of research facility affirmed E. coli gastroenteritis with 18 passings and 855 instances of hemolytic uremic syndrome (Hus) that prompted 35 lethal conclusions (Lan Reeves 2002:93). The episode began on May 8, topped on May 22, and was proclaimed fulfilled by July 4. One could contend that open health measures halted the pandemic by alarming individuals to maintain a strategic distance from the utili zation of debased sustenance, yet it is likewise conceivable that the plague ceased on the grounds that polluted sustenances were no more present in the business sectors. The procedure has been openly scrutinized for being too moderate and for beginning false press advertisements joining cucumbers and not sprouts to the episode. Reflectively, this feedback must be seen with some control. In the beginning of the episode, the average reporting times for Hus cases were 8 days to analysis, in the ballpark of 10 days to illuminate the nearby health section, and around the range of 12 days for showing up for the Robert Koch Institute (Rki) (3). In a U.S. study on E. coli O157 contaminations, a normal reporting time of 7 days was attained. There are two purposes behind the slower reporting process in Germany (Ihssen et al 2010:83) Germany has a less-brought together open health framework, and these cases introduced with an abnormal profile, facing medical practitioners with another clinica l substance. An early epidemiological examination comprised of a case-control study including 26 mature people hospitalized with Hus. Univariate dissection connected just the utilization of sprouts with sickness. Notwithstanding, no sprout cautioning was issued at the start of the episode, since stand out quarter of the patients recalled having depleted sprouts. Next was an accomplice investigation of 177 subjects who had consumed at a solitary restaurant, prompting 33 instances of affirmed Stec the runs. As per the restaurant formula, every one of the 31 cases that could be questioned had depleted uncooked sprouts. An arrangement of natural and follow back and follow send examinations by the German assignment gathering recognized an assembly of Swedish guests who had depleted a sprout mixture. This finding indicated a sprout maker in easier Saxony, Germany, where in May one-third of the workers fell sick, with some of them contaminated with the pestilence strain O104:h4 (Lan Reeve s 2002:102). The following pieces in this perplex were the wholesalers served by this grow maker, joining further groups to sprouts. Strikingly, the German sprout maker had a seed supplier that could be joined to 15 instances of O104:h4 contaminations in Bordeaux, France. These cases were clearly additionally connected with sprout utilization. The beat field gel electrophoresis example of the French disconnects was indistinguishable to that from the German flare-up however unique in relation to those of preoutbreak reference O104 strains, prescribing a solitary source clonal episode, predictable with the epidemiological confirmation. On 10 June, sprouts of fenugreek seeds foreign made from Egypt were declared by the German powers as the offender wellspring of sullying in this episode. On the other hand, none of the sprout mixtures (seeds) tried positive for O104:h4.            The force of the study of disease transmission contrasted and a microbiological methodology was highlighted by the failure to develop the scourge strain from any of the examined sprouts or from the sprout seeds which were taken from the handling chain. Growth of the strain was just conceivable in a couple of situations where back defilement was quite likely, for example, an opened bundle of sprouts from a family unit with illness. Because of the practically all around utilized society based identification routines for plagues, this disappointment speaks to an observation issue for health and sustenance security dominant voices as a rule. The issue could be brought on by the low irresistible measurements of the pathogen, its rot in nourishment at the minute of examination, or a particular physiological state of microbes characterized as suitable however nonculturable (VBNC). Numerous diverse bacterial species, incorporating E. coli, enter this Vbnc state as a reacti on to distressing ecological conditions (Ihssen et al 2010:125). Microbes in the Vbnc state dont develop on microbiological media however recapture cultivability when revived after stretch alleviation. In fact, O104:h4 entered this Vbnc state when presented to supplement poor conditions, poisonous amassings of copper particles, or faucet water. Soothing the anxiety by copper particle chelating encouraged the revival of O104:h4. Be that as it may, these trials ought to be translated with forethought, since there is so far no immediate confirm that E.coli O104:h4 is found in the VBNC state in nature.            The epidemiological investigation of first fundamentally sustenance borne tainting gets to be much more troublesome when the starting pathogen transmission by means of the evolved way of life is traded by human-to-human transmission. Human-to-human transmission is known to happen in the ballpark of 20% of families with an O157:h7 essential patient. Optional family transmission from mature person patients was likewise prescribed for O104:h4 contaminations in France and The Netherlands, fundamentally dependent upon the perception of deferred onset contrasted with the brooding time of 7 to 9 days for O104:h4 contaminations. Optional transmissions were additionally reported in Hessen, Germany, which is arranged outside of the primary plague center in northern Germany (Todar 2012:38). The study recorded transmission in families, the healing facility, and the microbiological research center.            Health officials in Germany faced a lot of difficulties in isolating the causative organism mainly due to its versatile nature. Based on the investigations carried out during the German epidemic, there are two major distinct pathotypes of the E.coli bacteria namely enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC and enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.coli. It becomes even more difficult to control the E.coli bacteria if the virulence genes are located in the mobile elements of the DNA. Based on this, E. coli outbreaks in Germany, Oregon and Michigan are not the last. This calls for the microbiological community to carryout more research and ensure that the E.coli strains are sequenced on time and in an open way (Peter et al 2011:84). In Germany, the annotation of the E.coli strain responsible for the outbreak was carried out in a community-wide approach through the use of the internet. It brought together bioinformaticians from all corners of the world working day and night to sequence the genomes. Some of the international health organizations that were involved in handling the outbreak were the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the world health organization (WHO). The main role of a UK Local Authority based Environmental Health Practitioner would have been control the spread of the bacteria by isolating all infected animals and farm produce. Lessons from the 2011 E.coli outbreak in Germany            There are a number of lessons that can be learnt from the 2011 E. coli outbreak in Germany. To begin with, there is need to come up with more safe ways of growing foods especially fruits and vegetables. The investigations into the cause of the 2011 E. coli outbreak established the presence of certain strains of the bacteria in a number of vegetables and not on sprouts alone. This raised the question of E. coli prevalence in the European fresh produce (Russo 2003:4). The second lesson that can be learnt from the 2011 E. coli outbreak in Germany is the need for better communication incase any harmful bacteria are found in foods. After the E. coli outbreak, the German government came under a lot of criticism for taking too long to announce the outbreak. The government took too long before it took the report to the Roberth Koch Institute (RKI) (Todar 2012:83). Many of the infections and deaths that resulted from the outbreak could have been avoided had the government w arned the people on time. Based on this, it is important for governments all over the world to have an efficient E.coli surveillance and warning system. The final lesson that can be learnt from the E.coli epidemic in Germany is the need to ensure food safety both nationally and internationally. Despite the fact that the 2011 epidemic was concentrated in one area, it had global impacts. According to investigations, the sprout seeds found in the implicated farm were found to have originated from Asia, southern Europe and Germany. It is important for countries to raise food safety standards mostly in free markets like the European Union. References Benzer S 1961, ‘On the Topography of the Genetic Fine Structure’,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A Bill Marler Marler Clark 2012,’German E. coli O104:H4 Outbreak – $2.84 Billion in Human Damage’  : Food Poison Journal Connolly, Allison 2008)’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœE. Coli Outbreak Kills One More Patient as Source Eludes Investigators’, Bloomberg Ihssen J, Kowarik M, Dilettoso S, Tanner C, Wacker M, Thà ¶ny-Meyer L. 2010,’Production of glycoprotein vaccines in Escherichia coli’, Microbial Cell Factories Lawrence JG, Ochman H, 1998, ‘Molecular archaeology of the Escherichia coli genome’.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Lan R, Reeves PR 2002, ‘Escherichia coli in disguise: molecular origins of Shigella’,  Microbes Infect. Lee SY 1996, ‘High cell-density culture of Escherichia coli’,  Trends BiotechnolPeter Walker, Adam Gabbatt and agencies 2011,’E coli: European commissioner suggests  £135m payout for farmers | World news’,  The Guardian Russo E 2003,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe birth of biotechnology’,  Nature Todar, K.2012,’Pathogenic  E. coli’.  Online Textbook of Bacteriology. University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Bacteriology Source document

Essay on Internet Privacy - Carnivore May Threaten Privacy

Carnivore May Threaten Internet Privacy      Ã‚   Abstract: In 1999 the FBI launched a new tool, Carnivore, to help it conduct Internet surveillance on criminal suspects. The systems, which are installed directly on Internet Service Providers' networks, process and filter all data communication passing through. This is alarming privacy advocates.    The FBI now has the ability to monitor email through a network snooping scheme known as "Carnivore"i. Carnivore may be used as a surveillance mechanism in investigations by intercepting packets of data sent over the Internet. These data packets include private email sent back and forth between unsuspecting criminals, but may also include the regular law abiding citizen. Privacy advocates have not hesitated to publicly express their fear that Carnivore will give the FBI unlimited, unrestricted access to everyone's emailii. As we speak, Internet wiretapping is unchecked by the law, as it is not prohibited or allowed specifically.    Carnivore functions as an Internet wiretap, typically installed directly on the networks of Internet providers.   The system was dubbed Carnivore for its ability to get to "the meat" of what would otherwise be an enormous quantity of data. Like previous wiretap methods, it intercepts all digital communications and records sent to or from the target of an investigation.   Carnivore's specialty is that it can filter out irrelevant data such as online banking and web surfing, leaving only specific kinds of communications like e-mails. Furthermore, Carnivore only scans the identifying addresses in the 'to' and 'from' fields, not the entire content of electronics messages. The FBI likens it to looking at the front of an envelope.    Carnivore... ...politics/0,1283,37470,00.html 3:00 a.m. Jul. 12, 2000 PDT    vii "ACLU Needs 'Carnivore' Fix" by Chris Oakes Hotwired Magazine http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,37470,00.html 3:00 a.m. Jul. 12, 2000 PDT viii "ACLU Needs 'Carnivore' Fix" by Chris Oakes Hotwired Magazine http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,37470,00.html 3:00 a.m. Jul. 12, 2000 PDT ix "Telecoms miffed at FBI Meddling" by Declan McCullogh Hotwired Magazine http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,37448,00.html 3:00 a.m. Jul. 8, 2000 PDT x "ACLU Needs 'Carnivore' Fix" by Chris Oakes Hotwired Magazine http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,37470,00.html 3:00 a.m. Jul. 12, 2000 PDT xi "FBI system covertly searches e-mail" By Neil King Jr. and Ted Bridis, WSJ Interactive Edition. http://news.cnet.com/news/0-1005-200-2245549.html July 11, 2000 6:01 AM PT

Analysis of Mozart’s K. 515 Mvt. 1

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Quintet No. 3 in C major, K. 515 Andrew McGuire Dr. Burkart MUSHIS 200 11/19/2012 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a prodigy of his time, and arguable the greatest of all time. This paper will discuss an analysis of his third string quintet in C major, K. 515. Through this piece in Sonata Form we will dissect the exposition, the development, the recapitulation, and the coda; along with an analysis of the quintet we will briefly discuss parts of Mozart’s life, as well as look at the background of the Viola Quintet No. 3 in C Major, K. 515.Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born into a musical family after his sister Nannerl, by his father and mother Leopold and Anna Maria. His beginnings would originate in Salzburg, Austria (Eisen). As much is known about the education of little Wolfie we see that his father Leopold is responsible (Jeffery). We also discover that it was not just his musical education that concerned his father but other areas as well, such as arithme tic, reading, writing, and literature (Eisen). Much is not know about the mother of Mozart. She was born into a middle class non-musical family.His father, on the other hand was an accomplished musician and teacher born into life as a choirboy. The nearest compositions to Wolfie’s K. 515 are a second string quintet K. 516 and one of his better known Operas Don Giovanni. Taking a short break from Don Giovanni Mozart would set off to write a pair off string quintets. K. 515 and K. 516. Written the age of 31, the better-known two of the pieces is the g minor quintet (K. 516), and the C major quintet (K. 515) is regarded as the finer of the two. Almost a month would separate the composing of the sister quintets both written for double viola.During the time of the second quartet would be the passing of his father, and some say that there may be a relation between the key of the g minor and the passing (Christiansen). This dual viola is different for the time, even given that Mozar t preferred viola, was seen as odd. The number of his six viola quintets is seen as rare in comparison to the 66 cello quintets written by Boccherini. Even though these quintets maybe rare in amount, many consider them the finest of the string quintet repertoire (Christiansen). The finer of our finest quintets begins in C major. The longest part of the first movement is undoubtedly the exposition.In the first of the one hundred and thirty-one measures of the exposition we see our first theme (see Figure 1). Figure 1 Ninety-four measures later we see our second theme (see Figure 2). Figure 2 Throughout the piece we will see our two themes return continuously in multiple keys. Anytime we see theme one return we see the two lines played between only the first violin and the cello. We see similar segregation for theme two with the first and second violins. The one time we see the violas given a theme to play is in the coda, and will be discussed later, this theme we will see is theme tw o in C major.Listening further we discover that our development turns out to be the shortest part of the piece (Absil). Theme one reappears again in the beginning of the development section, only this time we see the theme appearing in the dominant of the piece (see Figure 3). Figure 3 As the development progresses we also see theme two return as well in its original key, the harmonies we see differently, only briefly because it will be what leads us into the recapitulation (see Figure 4). Figure 4 At the end of our very brief development we arrive at our recapitulation.In the recapitulation we see the return of both of our themes in the tonic key. Throughout the recapitulation we see our theme variations return as well in the tonic key. What is found most notable about the recapitulation is the way it ends. One might assume that it would end on the tonic or dominant, because of its movement to the coda, however we find the end of the recapitulation as a vii °65/V (see Figure 5). Figure 5 We can argue the beginning of the Coda here because of the bar of rest. This theory separates the two sections allowing us to make a clear observation where one ends and the other begins.As with codas we find our final theme in the piece the part proceeding the measure of rest (see Figure 5). Delving deeper into the coda we find theme two reoccurring in the tonic key, this time not segregated by instrument parts. For the first time in the movement we see the two viola parts obviously playing what is the theme (see Figure 6), right before we see the second viola briefly mingle with the cello. Figure [ 6 ] After the brief return of theme two between the cello and violas we end happily on the tonic of the piece. Overall I thoroughly enjoyed this piece.Not only this piece but also this assignment. It is one thing to sit in class and read about and take notes over sonata-allegro form. It is completely another to be expected to dive deeper into a piece and try to figure out its i nner most workings. As a violist I also appreciate the fact that Mozart went against the normality of the cello quintet and wrote a viola quintet. The fact he was willing to go against what was expected of him by society makes me respect him as a composer even more. After a glimpse into the life of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, we have discussed his Quintet No. 3 in C major.Discussed its themes and their placement, as well as briefly the variations of these themes. We also saw a brief glimpse into history around the time that the K. 515 and what could be considered its sister K. 516 were written. Works Cited Absil, Frans. â€Å"Musical Analysis: Visiting the Great Composers. † (2005): 8. Absil, the Netherlands. Sept. 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2012. . Christiansen, Kai. â€Å"String Quintet (viola) No. 3 in C Major, K. 515. † Mozart. Music at Kohl Mansion, 2012. Web. 7 Nov. 2012. . Cliff Eisen, et al. â€Å"Mozart. † Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 18 Oct. 2 012. http://www. oxfordmusiconline. com/suscriber/article/grove/music/40258pg3. Gallagher, Sean and Thomas Forrest Kelly. The Century of Bach and Mozart: Perspectives on Histoiography, Composition, Theory, and Performance. Cambridge, Massachusettes: Harvard University Press, 2008. Print. Jeffery, G. â€Å"Mozart, Maria Anna â€Å"Nannerl†Ã¢â‚¬  Mozart, Maria Anna â€Å"Nannerl† N. p. , 1998. Web. 5 Nov. 2012. . Kerst, Friedrich.Mozart: the Man and the Artist Revealed in His Own Words. New York: L. Dover Publications, 1965. Print Mirka, Danut. Metric Manipulations in Haydn and Mozart: Chamber Music for Strings, 1787-1791. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print Mozart, W. A. String Quintet No. 3 in C major, K. 515 (I). Alban Berg Quartet. EMI Classics. CD. Mozart, W. A. String Quintet No. 3 in C major, K. 515 (I). Fine Arts Quartet. Musical Concepts. CD Mozart, W. A. Quintet in C Major, K. 515 (I). Wolfgang Amadeus Mozarts Werk, Serie 14: Quartette fuer streichinstrumente. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Haertel, 1877-1910. 1-12. Score.